Rotary Files in Pediatric Dentistry: From Then Till Now

Dentistry then and now

developed midwifery, that the U.S.A. had developed nursing, but that Britain had managed to combine them in the way that was needed. Accordingly, she and her nurses took midwifery training in London. But she was also convinced that the nurse-midwife could and should combine sick nursing and preventive work, something that many Britons, then and now, see as far from ideal. We could do worse than...

Pediatric cardiology: then and now.

It is difficult to date the start of interest in the clinical importance of congenital anomalies of the heart. Sporadic reports certainly appeared from autopsy and dissecting rooms from the seventeenth century onwards. By the eighteenth century, that most entrepreneurial of centuries, the basics of British cardiology were being laid down. Stephen Hales' physiologic researches were running in pa...

From there to here, from now till then: buying and borrowing public management reforms

Most reformers don't invent completely new ideas they buy or borrow management ideas and techniques from elsewhere. They bring things from 'there' to 'here'. Merchants in this trade include governments, management consultants, international organizations and even some academics. Money changes hands, but that is not the only currency. Influence, prestige and status are also involved in these tra...

Schizophrenia: Then and Now

EPS—Then and Now

"Slime" played a brief and spectacular role in the 19th century founded by the theory of primordial slime by Ernst Haeckel. However, that substance was never found and eventually abandoned. Further scientific attention slowly began in the 1930s referring to slime as a microbial product and then was inspired by "How bacteria stick" by Costerton et al. in 1978, and the matrix material was conside...